From Bullets to Boreholes: A Disaggregated Analysis of Domestic Water Cooperation in Drought-Prone Regions
Publisher: Global Environmental Change
Author(s): Stefan Döring
Date: 2020
Topics: Climate Change, Conflict Causes, Cooperation, Governance, Renewable Resources
Countries: Algeria, Burkina Faso, Chad, Croatia, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, France, Gambia, Greece, Israel, Italy, Lebanon, Libya, Mali, Morocco, Senegal, Somalia, South Sudan, Spain, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, Turkey
Does water shortage incentivize cooperation? Case studies suggests that water scarcity can rarely, if at all, explain violence, instead such shortages rather facilitate cooperative actions around water. Another major argument from qualitative research holds that water scarcity and armed conflict often occur side by side. These insights have rarely been tested empirically across cases on a sub-national level. Earlier quantitative work instead focused on basin or state level interactions. This article fills these gaps by using disaggregated data to analyze the effect of water scarcity on incidences of domestic water cooperation. Using event data covering the Mediterranean area and Northern Africa (1997–2009), this article first shows that water-related actions, cooperative or conflictual, in general are more frequent in water scarce areas. Second, the analysis demonstrates that water cooperation occurs in areas with difficult access to groundwater and with a history of violence. Third, the findings suggest that the relationship between water scarcity and water cooperation is conditional on levels of democracy. The presented results also differ depending on whether state or non-state actors collaborate in domestic water initiatives. Taken together, these findings provide crucial insights to our understanding of environmental peacebuilding and water security. Note: An earlier version of this research was presented at the 1st International Conference on Environmental Peacebuilding in 2019.