Europe’s Defence Build-up Is a Climate Gamble – Here’s How It Can Course Correct

Jul 31, 2025 | Florian Krampe
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Just as NATO adopts an ambitious defence spending target of 5% of gross domestic product, Spain is charting a distinct course. While securing an exemption from NATO's new benchmark, the Spanish government has earmarked €1.75 billion of its growing military budget for climate-responsive dual-use capabilities, explicitly designed to tackle climate-related emergencies.